Learn About Photosynthesis Formula

Some organisms need to create the energy they need to survive. These organisms are capable of absorbing energy from sunlight and using it to produce sugar and other organic compounds such as lipids and proteins. The sugars are then used to provide energy for the organism. This process, called photosynthesis, is used by photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis Equation In photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose (sugar). Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are used to produce glucose, oxygen, and water. The chemical equation for this process is: 6CO2 12H2O light → C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O Six molecules of carbon dioxide (6CO2) and twelve molecules of water (12H2O) are consumed in the process, while glucose (C6H12O6), six molecules of oxygen (6O2), and six molecules of water (6H2O) are produced. This equation may be simplified as: 6CO2 6H2O light → C6H12O6 6O2. Photosynthesis in Plants In plants, photosynthesis occurs mainly within the leaves. Since photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight, all of these substances must be obtained by or transported to the leaves. Carbon dioxide is obtained through tiny pores in plant leaves called stomata. Oxygen is also released through the stomata. Water is obtained by the plant through the roots and delivered to the leaves through vascular plant tissue systems. Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, a green pigment located in plant cell structures called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain several structures, each having specific functions: Outer and inner membranes— protective coverings that keep chloroplast structures enclosed.Stroma—dense fluid within the chloroplast. The site of conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar.Thylakoid—flattened sac-like membrane structures. The site of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.Grana—densely layered stacks of thylakoid sacs. Sites of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.Chlorophyll—a green pigment within the chloroplast. Absorbs light energy. Stages of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. These stages are called the light reactions and the dark reactions. The light reactions take place in the presence of light. The dark reactions do not require direct light, however dark reactions in most plants occur during the day. Light reactions occur mostly in the thylakoid stacks of the grana. Here, sunlight is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP (free energy containing molecule) and NADPH (high energy electron carrying molecule). Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and starts a chain of steps that result in the production of ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (through the splitting of water). Oxygen is released through the stomata. Both ATP and NADPH are used in the dark reactions to produce sugar. Dark reactions occur in the stroma. Carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP and NADPH. This process is known as carbon fixation or the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle has three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. In carbon fixation, carbon dioxide is combined with a 5-carbon sugar [ribulose1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)] creating a 6-carbon sugar. In the reduction stage, ATP and NADPH produced in the light reaction stage are used to convert the 6-carbon sugar into two molecules of a 3-carbon carbohydrate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is used to make glucose and fructose. These two molecules (glucose and fructose) combine to make sucrose or sugar. In the regeneration stage, some molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are combined with ATP and are converted back into the 5-carbon sugar RuBP. With the cycle complete, RuBP is available to be combined with carbon dioxide to begin the cycle over again. Photosynthesis Summary In summary, photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy and used to produce organic compounds. In plants, photosynthesis typically occurs within the chloroplasts located in plant leaves. Photosynthesis consists of two stages, the light reactions, and the dark reactions. The light reactions convert light into energy (ATP and NADHP) and the dark reactions use the energy and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. For a review of photosynthesis, take the Photosynthesis Quiz.

The, Part E Race And Colonialism - 1849 Words

Theoretical Concepts Found Helpful The theoretical concepts that was helpful ware â€Å"Part E: Race and Colonialism†, this section was an eye opener to the realities aboriginal people endured in colonial and post colonial times. However, to be more specific the topics on Aboriginal Social Work Education in Canada: Decolonizing Pedagogy for the Seventh Generation, writer by Raven Sinclair helped me see these realities more in depth. For instance, in the first page of the article Sinclair reminds us that 150 – 300 children were lost in British Columbia through child welfare. (2004) This particular article was helpful because it deconstructed the notion I had from the dominant group here in Canada. When Raven Sinclair also goes on explaining that western hegemony is being taught from top to bottom and always alienating aboriginal teachings and beliefs. (2004) Gave me a clear understanding as to how important is for us as Social Workers to become agents of change, by learning about the true historical backgrounds of aboriginals and in turn become an ally and bring forth changes in social perspectives, in essence to deconstruct that western hegemony and as Sinclair asserts as â€Å"Conscientization is a critical approach†¨to liberatory education† (2004) The reading that also captivated me and had a big impact was â€Å"Indigenous Wholistic Theory: A Knowledge Set for Practice† by Kathy Absolona (2010) as it brought light to the knowledge indigenous people have. Moreover, on the second pageShow MoreRelatedThe Earliest Movements For Repatriation By Black Americans1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late nineteenth-century reflected the ways in which the gratuity of violence of both colonialism and slavery created a dialectical tension between Black Americans and Continental Africans. 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Extensive research in the United States has documented implicit and explicit bias based not just on race, but also skin tone — what anthropologists call â€Å"colorism,† described by the researchers Keith Maddox and Stephanie Gray as â€Å"the tendency to perceive or behave toward members of a racial category based on the lightness or darkness of their skin toneRead MoreNationalism, Industrialization, And Colonialism On Wwi And Its Occurrence1353 Words   |  6 Pagesmillions was shed. The war had far-reaching consequences for all nations that were involved in the conflict such that the entire boundaries of many countries were remarked. This paper will discuss the impact of nationalism, industrialization, and colonialism on WWI and its occurrence. Nationalism’s Effect on World War I The political and social conditions of Europe before the onset of the World War I were extremely unstable and undergoing a rapid transition that was driven by national interests ofRead MoreAfrican Vs. 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Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Seven Free Essays

Nic sat up, groaned, fell back. I caught him before he cracked his head against the ground again. â€Å"Maybe we should get you to a doctor. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Seven or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"You’re a doctor.† â€Å"Not that kind.† â€Å"I’m all – † His voice faded, and his eyes closed as he slumped in my arms. Concerned, I leaned close. He was out cold, so I gave in to the urge that had been haunting me since I’d first seen him in the doorway. Pressing my lips to his forehead, I breathed in the familiar scent of his hair. All the feelings rushed back with a force that staggered me. I’d known I still loved him, but I hadn’t realized that I always would. Once we’d dreamed of sharing a life: marriage, careers, family. Together, we would never be alone again. I longed for that normal life – a normal me. But I’d come to understand that even if I cured myself, there were things I’d done in the interim for which there could be no forgiveness. Nic was as lost to me now as he’d been the first night I changed. The wind slapped snow against my face. The drop in temperature had turned the fluffy flakes into icy needles. I smelled death – probably just Billy’s. Nevertheless, we had to keep moving. With the clouds covering the moon, the road was dark. Though there wasn’t much of a chance a car would come along and run over us†¦ then again, one might. Taking advantage of Nic’s momentary lapse of consciousness, I lowered him gently to the ground and hurried to the ATV. After a quick glance to make sure he was still out, I picked up the machine and set it back on the road. There was a dent in one side, a bit of dirt on the other, but when I started the engine, it worked. Nic began to come around. I tugged on his arm, grunting as if he were â€Å"oh, so heavy,† though I could have lifted him with one hand. â€Å"Wanna help me out a little?† â€Å"Sorry, I’m – â€Å" â€Å"Hurt,† I supplied when he seemed to lose his thought again. Thankfully, he was too spacey to notice how much I helped him as he got to his feet, too woozy to see that my clothes were torn and I had flecks of blood in my hair. I hoisted Nic onto the ATY, crawled behind, then adjusted his body so that I could see, drive, and hold on to him. If I hadn’t had superpowers, I wouldn’t have been able to manage, making this one of the first times I was glad to be what I was. Nic drifted in and out of consciousness. I’d wondered how to make him stop asking questions. I’d have preferred another method. The wind shifted, or we were able to get ahead of the storm, because the highway outside of Clear Lake was dry, the forest surrounding it devoid of white. Most of the businesses on the main drag were closed, probably had been for a while. The town was small, innocent, clueless. I’d been toying with the idea of dumping Nic with a doctor – they had to have one – then disappearing again. But an hour on the ATV with little to do beyond think had nixed that idea. Billy might be dead, but Billy hadn’t blown up the compound. Whoever had, could be right behind us. I let my gaze wander over Nic’s still face. He’d say he was a highly trained FBI agent; he could take care of himself. But I knew better. To werewolves he’d be an easy lunch. No matter how dangerous it was for us both, I was going to have to take him along to Wisconsin. I pulled into the only gas station in Clear Lake. The attendant stepped outside. His gaze wandered over my torn suit, the spatters of blood and the leaves in my hair, then flicked to Nic’s lolling head. With the typical understatement that characterized inhabitants west of the Mississippi, he murmured, â€Å"Trouble?† â€Å"Nearly hit a†¦ deer. We flipped.† The story, close enough to the truth to be believable, explained Nic’s injuries and my appearance. â€Å"Need a doctor?† he asked. â€Å"No.† Nic struggled to sit up. â€Å"I’m okay.† The attendant’s brows drew together. â€Å"If you say so.† Nic tried to prove it by climbing off the ATV. He wobbled, but he didn’t fall down. â€Å"You know where I can buy some clothes?† As the word buy left my mouth, I realized I had no money. I glanced at Nic; he was already extracting his wallet. â€Å"And a car,† he added, pulling out an obscene amount of cash. â€Å"Got some T-shirts and sweatpants for sale inside.† The man scratched his head as he contemplated the money. â€Å"Car we’ll have to talk about.† I hesitated, prepared to deal, but Nic waved me away. â€Å"I’ll handle the car.† I let him. The less time we hung around, the better. Inside I snagged a pair of gray sweatpants and an equally cheery gray T-shirt. Making use of the restroom, I stripped off my torn and dirty suit. After extracting the wolf totem, I tossed the clothes into the nearly full garbage can. Holding the tiny bit of plastic between two fingers, I stared into the sparkly blue eyes. The idea that something this small, this tacky, could carry enough power to make me superduper wolf was laughable. But standing in a dirty women’s restroom in the middle of nowhere, I didn’t feel like laughing. I shoved the talisman into the pocket of my new sweatpants just as I remembered the little wolf wasn’t the only thing that had been in my skirt. Both the list of names Nic had given me and his .38 were missing. I must have dropped them somewhere along the road. I didn’t care about the list, but the gun might have been good for a bluff or two. Since I couldn’t go back for the weapon now, I shoved my bare feet into my tennies and picked one last flake of blood from my hair. My nails looked as if I’d been burying dead bodies in the woods, which was close enough to the truth to make me worry. I could only hope that the people we met between here and Wisconsin were less concerned with personal hygiene than I was. When I exited the bathroom, I found the attendant behind the register. I peered around the station, which was packed ceiling to floor with chips, soda, candy, and borderline pornography. But no Nic. â€Å"I sold your friend a car.† From the man’s grin, the deal had been sweet. Of course, we couldn’t exactly be choosy. We had to get out of here, and we couldn’t do that on an ATV. â€Å"He went across the street to pick it up.† Though I didn’t like Nic being out of my sight for more than a minute, his absence did give me time to do something I should have done before now. â€Å"Do you have a phone?† He pointed to the wall behind me. I considered the risks. I doubted anyone would have thought to put a bug on this particular phone, and Edward always had his own lines meticulously swept for listening devices. By the time someone traced the call, Nic and I should be long gone. I punched in the numbers as the clerk moved off to refill a potato chip display. Edward answered on the second ring. â€Å"Elise?† How did he do that? The caller ID should have read â€Å"Joe’s Gas Station,† not â€Å"Elise Hanover.† Sometimes the old man was spookier than everything he hunted. My response – â€Å"Yes, sir!† – was rewarded with a vicious stream of German curse words. â€Å"I know you aren’t often glad to hear from me,† I muttered, â€Å"but is that necessary?† â€Å"I have been calling the compound every half an hour, and the line is dead. If we are having a malfunction, Elise, it is your job to inform me.† â€Å"It’s a little bit more than a malfunction.† â€Å"Be specific.† I’d known Edward all of my life. He’d practically raised me – although paying various nannies, shipping me off to the best schools, then recruiting me to be his right-hand woman was hardly raising someone. There was little warmth between us, no matter how much I might want there to be. â€Å"Specifically†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I glanced around. No one was in the gas station but me and the attendant, who was more interested in straightening the Hustler supply than listening to me. Nevertheless, I lowered my voice. â€Å"There’s a crater where the compound should be.† Silence greeted my statement. â€Å"Sir?† â€Å"Sabotage?† I thought of the shadow, the shot, the silver. â€Å"Definitely.† â€Å"The guard?† â€Å"Dead.† â€Å"Subjects?† â€Å"Could be alive.† Edward’s grunt told me he understood the ramifications of that as much as I did. â€Å"Except for Billy.† â€Å"And Billy is not alive because†¦ ?† â€Å"He pissed me off.† Though his sigh traveled hundreds of miles before reaching me, the sound lost none of its power to belittle. â€Å"Your temper is, as always, a problem.† Only Edward would think that I had a temper. Everyone else considered my personality one step removed from ice bitch of the universe. Except Nic, but then, he didn’t really know me as well as he thought. â€Å"I will send someone to Montana,† Edward said. â€Å"Someone who can take care of things.† Taking care of things being a J-S euphemism for cover-up. Even if Nic managed to send some of his pals into the woods, by the time they got there, there’d be nothing left to see. â€Å"Who is responsible for this travesty?† Edward continued. â€Å"Bad guys?† The line went silent again, and I waited for the inevitable set-down. But instead of a lecture, I was rewarded with a dry chuckle, which made my heart stutter. â€Å"Who is this?† I demanded. He had the heavy German accent down to a T, but there was no humor in Edward – never had been. Which was understandable. His life had not exactly been one laugh riot after another. â€Å"What have you done with my boss?† â€Å"It is me, Elise. I have just lightened up in my old age.† Lightened up ? Okay, the world had stopped turning, and I had been too busy to notice. â€Å"So much time with Jessie and Leigh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I could almost see him shrug in that way he had that implied both nonchalance and Old World European manners. â€Å"They are amusing.† My teeth ground together at the reminder of Edward’s favorite Jger-Suchers. I had known him the longest, had helped him the most, yet when Edward had chosen pets, I was not one of them. Jessie McQuade and Leigh Tyler-Fitzgerald were Edward’s darlings as well as bosom buddies. Not that they hadn’t tried to kill each other on occasion – when you released hunters into the same field you got explosions more often than tea parties – but they were two of a kind, and I didn’t fit in. I wasn’t the type to banter and snipe. I didn’t dare participate in the physical scuffles they relished. Sarcasm wasn’t my venue. Nevertheless, having them take the place that I’d always wanted in Edward’s affections made me a lot less enamored of them than he was. â€Å"If this is Edward,† I continued, â€Å"then tell me something only we would know.† Another long swell of silence drifted over the line. For a minute I thought I was right, maybe someone was impersonating my boss. I should have known that no one got the better of the old man, including me. â€Å"By that,† he said in a hard, cool voice that made me straighten even though he wasn’t there to see, â€Å"I suspect you’re referring to the fact that I killed your mother.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Seven, Essay examples

Hemingway Essay Example For Students

Hemingway Essay Ernest Hemingway’s tough, Terse prose and short, declarative sentences did more to change the style of written English that any other writing in the twentieth century. II. Ernest Hemingway has had many great accomplishments in his historical life but just one event has hardly sticks out from the rest. The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway’s most enduring works. Told in Language of great simplicity and power, it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman, agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream. Here Hemingway recasts, in strikingly contemporary style, the classic theme of courage in the face of defeat, of personal triumph won from loss. Written in 1952, this hugely successful novel confirmed his power and presence in the literacy world and played a large part in his winning the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature. This novel also won the Pulitzer Prize award. III. July 21st, 1899, Ernest Hemingway was born. He was born to DR Clarence Edmonds and Gr ace Hall Hemingway. He grew up in a small conservative town called Oak Park, Illinois. His father, a practicing doctor, taught him how to hunt and fish, while his mother, wished to make him a professional musician. His upbringing was very conservative and somewhat religious. He attended Oak Park and River Forest High School, where he distinguished himself in English. His main activities where swimming, boxing, and of course writing. In 1917, turning his back on University, he decided to move to booming Kansas City where he got a job as a cub reporter on the Kansas City Star. At the train station, his father, who later on disgusted Ernest by committing suicide, kissed his son tenderly good-bye with tears in his eyes. This moment was eventually captured in For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway wrote that he felt so much older than his father that he could hardly bear it. The Star was the first to introduce Ernest to news writing which demands brief, to the point sentences, that contain a smooth easy following of ideas. He would later adapt this style to his fiction. In May of 1918, Hemingway became an honorary second lieutenant in the Red Cross. He could not join the army due to a defective left eye (resentfully inherited from his mother). On his first day of service across seas, he and other ambulance drivers were assigned the horrific duty of picking up body parts from an exploded munitions factory. Death, mostly of women, on such a scale was most definitely another very shocking moment in Hemingways young life. But he soon recovered from this experience and became known as the man who was always where the action is. He would often sneak cigarettes and chocolate to soldiers on the Italian front. It was on one of these occasions that he was severely wounded by an Austrian trench mortar. Even with over a hundred pieces of shrapnel and an Austrian machine gun bullet logged in his leg he managed to carry a wounded soldier a hundred yards to safety. He got the Italian Medal of Valor for his courageous action. He spent his recovery time at the Ospedale Croce Rossa Americana, in Milan. It is there that he met and fell for a thirty year-old nurse called Agnes Hannah. To Ernests disappointment, Agnes was not willing to embark in a relationship. Ernest, who had not yet turned twenty, who was a war hero, a journalist and a wounded soldier, was too young for beautiful Agnes . With the will to write fiction, he moved to Chicago where most of his work was refused. He lived by writing for the Toronto Star and working as a sparing partner for boxers. It was in Chicago that Hemingway met Elizabeth Hadley Richardson. She was an innocent young woman with graceful features and a strong attraction for the eight year younger Hemingway. Not having much income and wanting to marry Hadley, Ernest chose to move to Paris. Hemingway managed to convince the Toronto Star to accept a series of Letters from Europe. The young couple also received money from Hadleys trust f und while Ernest continued to work as a sparing partner for boxers. In Paris, Hemingway encountered many of the greats (historically known as The Expatriates). He met Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, Scott Fitzgerald , Ford Madox Ford and John Dos Passos. It was Stein who took him under her wing. She had been working to renew literary writing by removing useless gothic, Victorian and archaic forms. She was the first to point Hemingway in the direction of the simple declarative sentence, an attempt to make words communicate concretely and efficiently. It was also during this period of his life that Hemingway discovered the bull fight, the Pamplona bull run and the famous San Fermin July Fiesta. He would later write several books and short stories about bull fighting and the many events that surround this tragic ritual. Among these are Death in the Afternoon and The Dangerous Summer. Quickly after Patricks birth, they moved on to what would remain Hemingways only true residenc e in the United States Key West, Florida. It was there that a whole new world broke itself open to the sportsman in Ernest. Fishing the deep sea for great fish like the tarpon and the barracuda was his newest love. But even in Key West, a heavenly earth, tragedy struck Ernest. His father, struggling with diabetes and angina pectoris, had put a bullet through his head. Hemingway was very ashamed of this. He had always felt that life was for the testing of death. Suicide was the surrendering of life to death. This was forbidden in his code of courage. From that day on, Ernest turned his back on his father. 1929 marked the release of A Farewell to Arms. It was instantly accepted as a great work by critics and the public. With the success of this novel, Hemingway became a true American writer. To many, he also became a hot headed fool. He would make loud remarks about some of his fellow writers. He would make proclamations about artistic integrity that he himself would often not respect . He clearly was no longer the shy young journalist he had been for the Kansas City Star. He had become Papa. Even with the beautiful surroundings of the Key West, Hemingway still longed for Spain. At the time he was tediously working on Death in the Afternoon, a marvelous, intriguing and powerful look at the bullfight. Although at times overdone, Death in the Afternoon will capture greatness and power in the minds of its readers, even those that are most disgusted by the bullfight. After Ernest finished Death in the Afternoon and Pauline gave birth to another boy, they set off for Africa. It was there that Hemingway hopped to find the true meaning of heroism. Three stories would result from the events of Africa. The Green Hills of Africa, which lacked effective meaning and carried a false tone of masculine hunting spirit, was the least successful. The Snows of Kilamanjaro was a much more potent tale about the hunt. Arguably one of Hemingways best, it drew from the troubles of a bro ken Scott Fitzgerald to depict the guilt of a talented yet unacomplished artist as he faced death. The last short story to result from Africa was The Short and Happy Life of Francis Macomber, which seeks the meaning of courage. The Spanish Civil War became official in July, 1936. Hemingway was offered a liaisons job by the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA). He accepted, much to Paulines opposition. Being a newsman, officially he remained neutral throughout the war. Despite this, Hemingway could often be overheard raising funds at social gatherings in America to fight the fascists back in Spain. In 1940, after the end of the Spanish Civil war Hemingway published For Whom the Bell Tolls. His long divorce with Pauline came to an end, and he married Martha Gellhorn. This would turn out to be the shortest and least understandable of his four marriages. During the Second World War, he equipped the Pilar with grenades and sub conning towers for the purpose of hunting Nazi submarines . This got it recognized as an official Q-ship. Of course its unshaven crooked crew never sunk a sub, they simply spent their days fishing off the Cuban coast. Martha, who was very involved in the war, was as always quick to criticize Ernest. She accused his personal navy of fraudulent use of gasoline rations. One night, when returning form a drunken party, Hemingway had a severe car accident. He was hospitalized with serious head trauma . Martha returned from the front to see him. Instead of comforting the banged up Ernest, she simply laughed at his sad state as he lay in the hospital. In June 1944, Hemingway finally set foot in Normandy. He made his way to the front, compiling a small army of undesirables by his side. With his small guerrilla force and a few bottles of scotch Hemingway marched in to Paris on the 25th of August, five days before the city was officially freed. He proceeded, by his own authority, to liberate the Travelers Club and the Ritz, in which he took a room as well as the bar. He was eventually awarded the Bronze Star for his part in the invasion. On another occasion, while Mary was staying with him at the Ritz, he shot a portrait of her husband. He placed the frame over the toilette in his room at the Ritz and discharged his hand gun into it. This flooded the room and several floors below it. Mary got a taste of Hemingways madness. Yet, in 1946, they were married. The war was over and they returned happily to La Finca. Across the River and into the Trees was the fist of a fictional three part saga about earth, sea and air. It takes place in Venice. It is about an old soldier, who is no longer at war and who falls for the sweet beauty of the much younger contessa Renata. Some said that this novel had a strong Shakespearean quality, many others only saw a pathetic tale about an old man infatuate with a young lady. Hemingway outdoes himself with charming descriptions of Venice in this book. Yet he fails in making his protagonist soldier sy mpathetic, a sign that he was self-conscious of his boisterous behavior. This book marked a turning point in Hemingways life, it stood for his passage into middle age, something he had not been willing to accept easily. In 1950, after having been dubbed as a burnout, Hemingway put himself to work on his greatest story ever. The Old Man and the Sea was published in 1952. It was a very touching tale about an old man who finds grandness of life and death while battling the great marlin. He is ready to heal down before the fish, when it finally gives in. While towing the animal back to shore, its beauty is destroyed by sharks. The humility of the old man, his handshake with grandeur, all make this tale truly beautiful. The Old Man and the Sea was Hemingways second entry in his triad about land, seas, and air. It got him the Pulitzer Prize, and in 1954, the greatest literary award of all, the Nobel Prize. Hemingway had three true phobias in his life: telephone conversations, the taxman, and public speaking. Yet he wrote a very touching speech that was read. It was at that moment that the end had begun for Papa Hemingway. Before the Nobel Prize in 1954, Ernest and Mary had sought out his fifth African safari. This time he was much less boisterous. He maintained a clear mind. He shot very well, and demonstrated great ability. Yet the safari ended badly with two plane crashes. The first had not been too serious. The second, although, had distraught Hemingway quit badly. His injuries included concussion, paralysis of the sphincter, first degree burns on his face, arm and head, a sprained right arm and shoulder, a crushed vertebra, and a ruptured liver, spleen and kidney. He was in continuos pain for quite a while. It was in Pamplona that Hemingway celebrated his sixtieth birthday. Mary had spent two months preparing for the event. She ordered champagne from Paris, Chinese foods from London, codfish from Madrid. She hired a shooting booth, fireworks specialist, flamenco dancers, waiters, barmen and cooks from all over the world. Guests included General C.T. Lanham from Washington, Ernests old Paris pals, Italian Royalty and the Maharajah of Behar. The party went twenty-four hours strait, from noon of July 21st to noon July 22nd. Seeking a calm place to recuperate and continue work on The Dangerous Summer, Ernest and Mary relocated to their cabin in Ketchum. But for Hemingway, Idaho was a far cry from the comforts of Cuba. His eyes were failing him to the point of not being able to write anymore. Even if he did manage to put down words, they often were incoherent, lacking any logical meaning. He could not drink anymore due to his kidney injury. Slowly but surely Ernest degenerated physically and psychologically. Even while still living in Cuba, Ernest began showing signs of paranoia and delusion. He would often say that FBI agents were following him. Although he had large enough savings to cover any immediate financial problems, he was constantly a fraid of being hunted down by the IRS for tax evasion. It soon became evident to those around him that psychiatric help would be necessary. They managed to convince Ernest to institutionalize himself. Fearing he would refuse, it was agreed upon to tell him that the treatment was for his high blood pressure (Hemingway had always been wary of his blood pressure). On November 30th in 1960, Ernest Hemingway was committed to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. During the month of December he was given electroshock therapy. In January of 1961, Ernest was released. At first all seemed well again. He had even managed to write a few coherent words for the jacket of George Plimptons new book: On April 23rd, Ernest Hemingway tried to take his life for the first time. He had tried to put a shotgun to his head. It had failed the first time but he then later went on to put that one tragic bullet in his head. IV. My opinion of this book is phenomenal. It taught me a sensational amount of inte resting facts about Ernest Hemingway. He went through so much in his life. A lot of events in his life interested me which made me keep on reading the book! Hemingway had may happy events but yet he went through some really hard times. All this added up in which he followed in his father’s foot steps and killed himself. Overall Ernest Hemingway should be a world figure for his excellence and commitment to writing. V. V. 1. In 1926 Ernest wrote the novel The Sun Also Rises. 2. In 1929 Hemingway wrote the novel A Farewell to Arms. 3. In 1932 Ernest wrote the novel Death in the Afternoon. 4. In 1940 Hemingway wrote the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls. 5. In 1950 Ernest wrote the novel Across the River and into the Trees. 6. In 1953 Hemingway wrote the most famous of his novels called The Old Man and the Sea. 7. In 1953 Ernest Hemingway won the Pulitzer Prize for is novel The Old Man and the Sea. 8. In 1954 he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. 9. On November 30th in 1960, Ernest H emingway was committed to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. During the month of December he was given electroshock therapy. 10. In 1961 Ernest Hemingway took his own life by committing suicide. Frees - Sarcasm and Irony in A Modest Propos Essay Santiago, the main character in the story, does not divulge in any pleasures what so ever. It almost seems as though he is trying to make himself suffer. Everyday, Santiago hardly eats anything but a little fish or coffee. He does not have any relationships with women in the story, as many Hemingway novels have included. While Santiago is out on the boat, he does not let himself stray from the task at hand even though it is very uncomfortable. The Hemingway code hero would be the exact opposite of Santiago. He would eat large meals every day, make love to many women, and never put himself in a position that he did not like. The code hero would do everything as though it was the last time he was doing it because he did not believe strongly in the presence of God. Santiago was different because he believed in God, and prayed to him for help throughout the story. While he was at sea, he often prayed that he would get the fish or that he would live to see the fish brought to the village. Santiago did not fear death and the reader senses that Santiago believes that if he dies, he will go to heaven. The story is also filled with many biblical references and the whole book has a religious theme. Hemingway does not usually have his code heroes be religious, and most of them feel that they only have this time on earth and they had better make the best out of it. Finally , Hemingways code hero differs in The Old Man and the Sea because of the presence of the boy that is Santiagos companion. Known only as the boy, he is constant throughout the novel as Santiagos student, who takes care of Santiago. It seems that everything that Santiago does is for the boy, and not himself. In the normal code hero, the hero would do everything for the benefit of himself and for no one else. The hero is usually not a fatherly, gentle figure, but a robust, energetic manly man. Therefore, it can be seen that Santiago is different than other Hemingway characters because of the distinct actions he made. And although Santiago does not meet the standards of the Hemingway code hero, it is his disinterest in physical pleasures, his need for a companion, and the presence of religion that makes him a special hero in his own right. Bibliography: